What are the implications of citizens broadcasting the events of a crime as it occurs or of a community tragedy being replayed on millions of phones in the moment? Consider the theories of social control considering one of the most profound modern changes to human society: social media. Then, consider how social media may affect perceptions of crime, both as it occurs and in its aftermath.

In this Discussion, you analyze social control theory in relationship to crime and social media

· Analyze the degree to which social media affects social control in the current event your Instructor has chosen or in the example you contributed.

· Is it practical and/or ethical to attempt to mitigate the effect of social media or media on social control? How could your response change the current event or the example you contributed?

  

How social media is changing the way people commit crimes and police fight them.

Until the early years of the 21st century, crimes tended to be committed away from the eyes of the majority of society, with traditional media broadcasting information about them often on their own terms. Ray Surette writes that the advent of social media in the past decade has led to a new type of ‘performance’ crimes, where people create accounts of their law-breaking through text, images and video, which are then digitally distributed to the public on a large scale. He comments that social media has also opened up new ways of combating crime for the police, who can take advantage of the self-surveillance of those who publicize their crimes on social media. 

In 2013, a 16 year old boy in Ottawa, Canada was arrested for making bomb threats to schools across North America. While sadly this type of crime is now not particularly unusual, what is different is the way in which he was caught; his extensive bragging about his anonymous phone calls on Twitter eventually brought the police to his door. Until now, those who commit crimes have preferred to try and hide their actions and identities. However in the 21st century social media world, these surreptitious crimes now compete with performance crimes like these.

The core elements of contemporary performance crimes are that they are created for distribution via social media and involve both willing and unwilling performers. Performance crime can be of two types.  The first is a sort of ‘informed consent’ performance where the actors are aware of the production (sometimes recording or filming it themselves) and at least tacitly support its subsequent distribution — in this sense a crime performer is ‘behaving for the camera’ similar to an actor in a play. The second involves an uninformed, unwitting performance produced without performer knowledge or acquiescence — here a person is being recorded in a production similar to a nature documentary.  Social media have caused performances of both types to explode.

These performances are no longer rare events place and time bound to physical stages and scheduled broadcasts; they are now ephemeral renditions constantly created and digitally distributed. This change came about with the transition from legacy to new media in the 1990s, which in turn has brought about changes in society and created new stressors on criminal justice systems.  The content and portrayals of crime and justice in new and legacy media look similar and the transition from one to the other has been largely seamless. The result has been a muted recognition of the substantial impact of the shift on crime and justice and the subsequent emergence of performance crime.

Social Media Users as Content Producers and Distributors

With the rise of social media a significant change has been that content consumers can also be producers of self-generated content and can be content distributors.  In the 21st century people place themselves open to the voyeuristic gaze of others in uncountable small-scale private performances that are socially mediated for public consumption on an often large scale. The isolated acts of ‘reading the newspaper or turning on the television’ have been replaced by the collective experience of posting, tweeting and ‘going viral’.   The result has been the shifting of audiences from passive to active participants and to performance emerging as a common characteristic of media content.

Due to these trends, a large amount of seemingly disparate crime and justice activities by offenders and law enforcement and judicial personnel can be understood through the conceptual lens of a performance.  In this new social media reality the public not only follows crime and justice, but participates and adds their own performances, the most noticeable being performance crimes. Performance Crime

The growth of performance crime is additionally tied to the celebrity culture that emerged in the 20th century when celebrities became a focus of public interest and becoming a celebrity a career goal.   Feeding off of this celebrity culture, social media has resulted in offenders posting pre-crime confessions, videos of themselves committing offences, and post-crime footage holding evidence and bragging about their criminal acts. In the process, these enthusiastic crime performers often generate evidence used for their conviction.  Social media-based performance crime waves include activities such as ghost riding, and the knockout game.  The social media dynamic that drives offenders to post their crime performances has also influenced the treatment of crime victims, so that ‘performance victimization’ is also a new reality and adds a public humiliation element to criminal victimization in a perverse ‘shaming-the-victim’ process.   The regular online posting of terrorism videos and the numerous terrorist group internet sites further exemplify how social media is used to produce online performance terrorism specifically tailored to multiple audiences.  The over-sharing that lies at the core of self-incriminating performances is an extension of the significance that social media have come to play culturally.   It is better to get your performance out there and be known than to be unknown in a celebrity culture, even if criminality is required.

Performance Crime-fighting

The main impact of social media performances on law enforcement has been to enhance and extend surveillance.  Social media provide access to the personal diaries, photo albums, and home movies of millions of people, most of it freely provided so that the 21st century is an era of unprecedented self-surveillance.  The historical prerequisite that a person must be under suspicion to be brought under surveillance has faded, and broadly targeted, automatic, continuous surveillance is the norm. The popularity of self-surveillance makes hidden and pervasive surveillance more acceptable due to the fact that when voluntary performances are ubiquitous, surveillance is not perceived as intrusive and being in a camera’s view is no longer unusual.  Public space surveillance as non-consensual passive consent performances is exemplified by law enforcement-operated surveillance camera systems and the rise of car, body, and community surveillance camera systems.  From these systems images are regularly culled for evidence as well as news content.

The lure of self-surveillance and self-promotion is such that a number of fugitives have provided enough information on social media for law enforcement to determine their identities and locations.  Unsolicited voluntary performances from offenders have also resulted in a number of posted confessions.  In these performances, offenders post scenes that clearly reflect and sometimes openly boast of their guilt.  Lastly law enforcement agencies have developed social media-based counter-performances, a common one being to pose as pedophiles to attract and capture sex offenders.   In these performances police falsely perform to lure individuals who then unknowingly perform as predators in surreptitiously recorded performance crimes.

What drives crime and justice performances?

In criminal justice systems, information traditionally has been textual, linear, impersonal, and paper based and flowed in one direction across loosely coupled criminal justice agencies. Social media content, in contrast, is multi-medium, digital, holistic, emotional, and image dominated.   As social media have broadened access to and altered the nature of crime and justice information, crime and justice performances have become more fluid, multi-directional products whose owners are not readily apparent.  Thus, information flows naturally in all directions through social media while in criminal justice it traditionally flowed in one downstream direction.  Substantial impacts on criminal justice systems from the emergence of free-wielding social media linked crime and justice performances were unavoidable.

It is therefore not surprising that social media created both issues and opportunities for criminal justice.  Social media performances will alter the way crime is committed by offenders, cases are processed by criminal justice agencies, and justice is experienced by citizens. The most noticeable effect is through ‘performance crime’ committed to gain attention, but other less visible effects on criminal justice such as on juror behavior will be equally significant. The growth of performance crime and justice is producing a unique set of phenomena that criminal justice systems worldwide will have to manage.

This article is based on the paper, “Performance Crime and Justice” in Current Issues in Criminal Justice. 

Please read our comments policy before commenting. 

Note:  This article gives the views of the author, and not the position of USAPP – American Politics and Policy, nor the London School of Economics.

Shortened URL for this post: http://bit.ly/1KcPPCt

http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2016/01/28/how-social-media-is-changing-the-way-people-commit-crimes-and-police-fight-them/

Judicial Conduct  no word count

research about different aspects of judicial abuse of power.

• Judicial misconduct
• Judicial ethics
• Conflict of interest
• Recusal

 discuss the following scenario and give reasons for your answers.

Scenario

An angry state judge held state attorneys in contempt for failing to follow a court order and deliver critical documents to defendant Anne Marie Johnson's attorneys. Judge Joe Wilson yelled in open court, "That was an official court order; is everyone at the state attorney’s office just out to lunch or simply dumb? I don't issue these court orders just to hear myself talk!" It is unusual, but not unheard of, for a judge to hold prosecutors in contempt, but Judge Wilson entered a contempt charge for the prosecutors assigned to this case and ordered each to spend forty-eight hours in jail with a $500 fine. Judge Wilson and Anne Marie Johnson were later seen having late night coffee at a local coffee shop by an intern who works in the prosecutor's office. On the basis of the above scenario, answer the following:

• Discuss the effects of judicial abuse of power and misconduct, as well as any remedies.
• Present an argument both for and against Judge Wilson for judicial disqualification or recusal from the case.
• Discuss whether there is any harm in Judge Wilson having coffee with Anne Marie Johnson.
• Discuss whether there is concern for the tone and language Judge Wilson used when speaking to state attorneys.

part 2 respond to  two post below 150 word count each

1 post

After completing the reading assignment for the week and gaining a better understanding of Judicial Conduct, Judge Joe Wilsons behavior definitely raised some concerns. When judicial abuse is committed, everyone involved can be negatively affected. Innocent people can be unjustly convicted, lots of money can be wasted and peoples jobs can be placed on the line. Though upheld to a high standard, there are a lot of unethical people in the judicial system. I believe the only way to remedy these types of things is to consistently police the police, judges and all people within the judicial system on a consistent basis. Rules are set in place, but aren’t enforced as often as they should be.

“In cases where the judge’s knowledge of the parties or her interests would preclude a fair and disinterested control of the proceedings, the judge should withdraw from the case. A withdrawal from sitting in judgment of the case is known as a “recusal.” A judge would withdraw from a case if the case involved friends, family, a former client, or a former law firm or business associate. The judge’s recusalwould operate to assure that another independent and unbiased judge would preside over the proceedings (01/2011). American Criminal Courts, 1st Edition..”)

Although we don’t know what the meeting between Judge Wilson and Ms. Johnson was, with Judge Wilson presiding over her case, he shouldn’t be interacting with her on that level. The causes on why a judge should withdraw themselves from a case are pretty cut and dry. With the causes being broad, I personally cant think of a reason why the two should be sitting and having coffee. Judge Wilson also violated a few or more judicial conduct standards with one being avoiding conflict of interest. The two of them having coffee jeopardizes the entire case and one could argue that is the reasoning behind Judge Wilsons outburst in court. His outburst, insult and 48hr sentence along with the 500 fine is definitely questionable. 

post 2

Judicial Conduct 

Judicial Misconduct

Judges are found to apply and adhere to the law. “Judges are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and serve for life or good behavior” (Volcansek, Franciscis, Elisabetta, Lafon, Lucciene, 1996). A retention is held by 37 states to declare if a judge shall be removed or remain in term. This is typically declared by the governor. The remaining states hold  a retention election where the people vote for the next term. According to Article 3 of the Constitution a judge shall maintain good stature during their full service, and a compensation should be given at times for their continuance of service. This compensation cannot be taken away during their time served. Article 2, Section 2 states that the judge shall be nominated by the president. Article 2, section 4 States that any government official can and will be impeached for bribery, conviction of treason, or other high crimes in nominating a judicial official. In 1787, it was declared that discipline and removal of judges gained scant attention. "the best expedient which can be devised in any government to secure a steady, upright and impartial administration of the laws” (Volcansek, Franciscis, Elisabetta, Lafon, Lucciene, 1996).

Judicial Ethics

In most provisions the Supreme Court has the dominant administrative role. In federal justice systems the judicial conference has the administrative role. Congress has conduct-regulating statutes directed towards high-ranking federal officials. This means that they have the right to oversee the courts and enact regulations on judicial ethics. Judicial ethics include but are not limited to: retirement provisions, limitations on outside income, enploment and gifts, financial disclosure and judicial disqualification statutes. Retirement provisions include senior status and disability. Senior status is declared by the years of service and the age of 65. Both age and years of service must sum to 80. If a judge were to have 20 years of service and was of age 60 they could retire. Disability is the service of ten years. The judge will obtain the same salary for life as it must be signed by the Chief of Justice. Limitations on outside income, employment and gifts authorizes the judicial conference to regulate the receiving’s of gifts, and income given to the judicial branch. The financial disclosure goes along with the income reports and gifts; they must be reported each may. “The Act authorizes the Attorney General to bring a civil action against any individual who “knowingly and willfully” fails to file a report or fails to report any required information and directs the report-receiving entities, including the Conference, to refer to the Attorney General anyone whom they have “reasonable cause to believe has . . . willfully failed to file information required to be reported” (Wheeler, 2014). 

Conflict of Interest

A judge must adhere to the law and not give leniency based upon knowing the person. A judge can deny a case for self-interest. Complaints can be made and reviewed by the judicial council. A judge will make decisions to benefit themselves (raises, status and deter crime). This rarely happens, however there are cases that a judge will publicize to scare other violators.  

Recusal

A recusal is where a judge will disqualify himself from duty for personal or lawful reasoning. “The most visible recent example of such controversy surfaced in 2011

concerning the litigation over the Affordable Care Act. Liberals called for Justice

Thomas to recuse himself because his wife was active in groups opposing the law,

and conservatives pressed for Justice Kagan to recuse herself because, as Solicitor

General, she may have had brief exposure to the administration’s efforts to plot its

litigation strategy” (Wheeler, 2014). 

Scenario

Judge Joe Wilson took a case personally as he knew the defendant. He certainly misused his power by giving the prosecutor 48 hours in jail and a hefty fine. The investigation of bribery should take place as Judge Wilson abused his power in the favor of Anne. Judge Wilson should be impeached or recuse himself for the abuse of his power and self interest in the case of Anne Johnson. On the other hand, who is to say that he truly abused his power as all documentation should be shared with each person in the court room. No bribery or self interest could be at place and he was holding them accountable for their actions, as a prosecutor is aware of the laws. 

The late-night coffee should not have taken place as its unprofessional and no contact should be made between the judge and either party until the case is dismissed or solved. Judge Wilson should not  address the attorneys as dumb. It’s again unprofessional and anger should not declare name calling or yet embarrass the attorneys in the court room. 

Assignment 1 ecree  

Please note that ecree works best in Firefox and Chrome.

Please do not use Internet Explorer or mobile devices when using ecree. 

Assignment 1:  Dealing with Diversity in America from Reconstruction through the 1920s  Due Week 3 and worth 120 points  After the Civil War, the United States had to recover from war, handle western expansion, and grapple with very new economic forms. However, its greatest issues would revolve around the legacies of slavery and increasing diversity in the decades after the Civil War. In the South, former slaves now had freedom and new opportunities but, despite the Reconstruction period, faced old prejudices and rapidly forming new barriers. Immigrants from Europe and Asia came in large numbers but then faced political and social restrictions. Women continued to seek rights. Yet, on the whole, America became increasingly diverse by the 1920s. Consider developments, policies, and laws in that period from 1865 to the 1920s. Examine the statement below and drawing from provided sources, present a paper with specific examples and arguments to demonstrate the validity of your position.  Statement—in which you can take a pro or con position:  Political policies and movements in the period from 1865 to the 1920s generally promoted diversity and “the melting pot” despite the strong prejudices of a few. (or you can take the position that they did not).  Use specific examples of policies or movements from different decades to support your position.    After giving general consideration to your readings so far and any general research, select one of the positions above as your position—your thesis. (Sometimes after doing more thorough research, you might choose the reverse position. This happens with critical thinking and inquiry. Your final paper might end up taking a different position than you originally envisioned.)

 Organize your paper as follows, handling these issues:    

The position you choose —or something close to it—will be the thesis statement in your opening paragraph.To support your position, use three (3) specific examples from different decades between 1865 and 1930. You may narrowly focus on race or gender or immigrant status, or you may use examples relevant to all categories.Explain why the opposing view is weak in comparison to yours.Consider your life today: In what way does the history you have shown shape or impact issues in your workplace or desired profession? 

 Length: The paper should be 500-to-750 words in length.   

Research and References: You must use a MINIMUM of three sources; the Schultz textbook must be one of them. Your other two sources should be drawn from the list provided below. 

This is guided research, not open-ended Googling.   Source list for Assignment 1: Some sources are “primary” sources from the time period being studied. Some sources below can be accessed via direct link or through the primary sources links on Blackboard. Each week has a different list of primary sources. For others, they are accessible through the permalink to the source in our online library:  

Sources below having libdatab.strayer.edu as part of the URL have a permalink to that source in our university’s online library.   

SWS Form for the textbook: Kevin M. Schultz. 2018. HIST: Volume 2: U.S. History since 1865.  5th ed.  

Choose sources relevant to the topic and position you are taking: 

 

Y. Abu-Laban & V. Lamont. 1997. Crossing borders: Interdisciplinary, Immigration and the Melting Pot in the American Cultural Imaginary.  

http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspxdirect=true&db=a9h&AN=392542&site=eds-live&scope=site  

Black Testimony on the Aftermath of Enslavement. 1866. 

Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. 

http://college.cengage.com/history/wadsworth_9781133309888/unprotected/ps/black_testimony.htm    

ChineseExclusionAct1882. http://college.cengage.com/history/wadsworth_9781133309888/unprotected/ps/chinese_exclusion_act.htm  

Civil War Journeys. n.d. The Lost Cause. http://civil-war-journeys.org/the_lost_cause.htm  

J. C. Bancroft Davis. 1896. Plessy vs. Ferguson. http://college.cengage.com/history/wadsworth_9781133309888/unprotected/ps/plessy_ferguson_1896.htm    

Fitzgerald, M. W. January, 2018. Terrorism and Racial Coexistence in Alabama’s Reconstruction.  http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspxdirect=true&db=edb&AN=127269628&site=eds-live&scope=site    

G. M. Foster. Feb. 24, 2002. TheLostCause. http://www.civilwarhome.com/lostcause.html         

S. S. Harjo. 1996. Now and Then: Native Peoples in theUnitedStates. http://libdatab.strayer.edu/loginurl=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eue&AN=507507152&site=eds-live&scope=site   

 J. Meacham. 2017. Our Historical Ambivalence about Immigrants is a Great American Paradox. 

http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspxdirect=true&db=edb&AN=121093561&site=eds-live&scope=site    

Mississippi Black Code. n.d. http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/recon/code.html    

W. G. Moody. 1883. Bonanza Farming and Its Impact.  http://college.cengage.com/history/wadsworth_9781133309888/unprotected/ps/bonanza_farming_impact.htm    

Katy Morris. March, 2017. “More reputation than she deserves”. Remembering Suffrage in Wyoming. http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=120948598&site=eds-live&scope=site  

E. F. Parsons. Feb., 2011. Klan Skepticism and Denial in Reconstruction-Era Public Discourse. http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=57671212&site=eds-live&scope=site  

Populist Party Platform. 1896. http://college.cengage.com/history/wadsworth_9781133309888/unprotected/ps/populist_partyplatform_1896.htm    

Kevin M. Schultz. 2018. HIST: Volume 2: U.S. History since 1865.  5th ed.  

Upton Sinclair. 1906. Attack on the Meatpackers. 

http://college.cengage.com/history/wadsworth_9781133309888/unprotected/ps/attack_meatpackers.htm  

J. D. Zahniser. Dec., 2015. 

 “How long must we wait?” Alice Paul Wanted Action on Votes for Women. http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=109513499&site=eds-live&scope=site     

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:  This course requires use of new Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS documentation for details.Be typed, double spaced between lines, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow SWS format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the Sources page are not included in the required assignment page length.      

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:  Identify and discuss the different ways that the heritage of slavery, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and segregation have shaped America’s history.Specify ways that women and minorities have responded to challenges and made contributions to American culture.Summarize and discuss the ways that formal policies of government have influenced the direction of historical and social development in the United States.Recognize the major turning points in American history since the Civil War.Use technology and information resources to research issues in contemporary U.S. history.Write clearly and concisely about contemporary U.S. history using proper writing mechanics.

  

1. Considering the goal of our criminal justice system hinges on equity and fairness, do you feel it is truly possible to achieve a balance between maintaining individual rights and personal freedoms with crime control? When considering this, place yourself in the shoes of a law enforcement officer who has to not only protect the community, but also ensure our rights are preserved at the same time. Explain your reasoning.
 

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. References or citations are not necessary.

2. Considering the crime control and due process models of our criminal justice system, do you feel it is possible to achieve a balance (both a reliable and efficient criminal justice process) at the same time? When considering your explanation, remember the differing goals that encompass both models. Explain your reasoning.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. References or citations are not necessary.

3. Many of the Supreme Court's decisions have been controversial over the years, and some people feel that the Court is overstepping its authority and trying to rewrite laws. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Explain your reasoning. How do you feel the Court's decisions affect the criminal justice system? When considering your entry, consider how the Courts can be influenced by personal or political agenda and how it can affect you as a citizen.
 

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.

4. As you have learned, sentencing plays a crucial role in the American criminal justice system. Without fair and equitable sentencing practices, every other element in the criminal justice process fails.
 

Considering the sentencing types we have examined, in your opinion, which one is most effective? Conversely, which type do you feel is the least effective? Explain your reasoning.
 

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.

5. As we have learned, the American correctional system is a critical element in the criminal justice process. Consider the role and the goals of our correctional system coupled with the rising inmate population, lack of funding, and lack of prison bed space that currently exist.
 

In your opinion, does the use of probation, parole, and community corrections seem to address the needs of our criminal justice system and provide a sound solution to such issues surrounding our correctional system? When considering your entry, remember that alternative sentencing still must serve as a deterrent. Explain your reasoning.
 

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.

6. As you have learned, the American criminal justice system relies heavily on technology. One such technological tool that has become more prevalent in recent years is the use of body cameras for patrol officers.
 

In your opinion, does the use of body cameras help or hinder our law enforcement officers if an incident should occur? Do you feel the use of body cameras influences the behavior, in either direction, of the patrol officer? Put yourself in the shoes of an officer; how would the use of body cameras influence your behavior? Explain your reasoning.
 

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.

7. As we have learned, the American criminal justice system has drastically changed in the wake of 9/11. We see a shift in all aspects of criminal justice where there is an evident link to homeland security.
 

In your opinion, how effective is community policing as it relates to domestic terror threats? Do you feel that such efforts to foster partnerships, build trust, and develop a rapport with the community are effective ways to combat terrorism within our communities? When considering your entry, think of the current domestic terror threat and how you could foster such relationships in the community to counter such threats as a law enforcement officer. Explain your reasoning.
 

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary 

PART I.

Garnering Support (2 pages of written text)

1. In a well-written paper: 

o  a. Choose one of the prominent Middle Eastern terrorist groups discussed. In a two-page paper discuss what techniques the organization you choose are using/have used to increase recognition, support, and power with the people? What external forces discussed in previous chapters multiplied the strength of these terrorist organizations?

b. Make sure your discussion reflects themes in Chapters 9 through 10 of the textbook : White, J. R. (2016). Terrorism and homeland security, (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
ISBN: 97813056337733

2. Your papers must:

§  i. The first page of your paper will be a cover sheet correctly formatted according to APA guidelines.

§  ii. The second page will include an Abstract.

§  iii. This paper will use 1-inch margins, Times New Roman 12-point font, and double spacing.

§  iv. A minimum of three citations must be included and the citations for each article MUST be correctly formatted according to APA guidelines. Do NOT use an automated citation manager to perform this function. Do it manually for this assignment and check your formatting against available APA resources.

o  a. Excluding the cover page, the Abstract and references page, this paper must be at least 2 pages of written text.

o  b. Only COMPLETE paragraphs consisting of an introductory sentence, a full explanation of key points supported with properly cited sources, and a concluding sentence may be used.

o  c. Only use published articles from academic texts, such as those found at scholar.google.com not Wikipedia.

o  d. The entire paper must be your original work. It may not include quotes and at no time should text be copied and pasted.

This paper DOES require an introductory paragraph, explicit thesis statement, concluding paragraph, and references page.

PART J.

Jihadi Salafism (3 pages of written text)

1. In a well-written paper:

o  a. In a three-page paper discuss define jihadi Salafism and outline its history dating back to the Crusades to its modern day version. Next discuss any past/present U.S. foreign policies that may have reinforced the concept of jihadi Salafism. Finally give your thoughts on the belief some have that had the West done things differently, jihadi terrorism, as we know it today, would not exist.

b. Make sure your discussion reflects themes in Chapters 11 through 12 of the textbook: White, J. R. (2016). Terrorism and homeland security, (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
ISBN: 97813056337733

2. Your papers must:

§  i. The first page of your paper will be a cover sheet correctly formatted according to APA guidelines.

§  ii. The second page will include an Abstract.

§  iii. This paper will use 1-inch margins, Times New Roman 12-point font, and double spacing.

§  iv. A minimum of three citations must be included and the citations for each article MUST be correctly formatted according to APA guidelines. Do NOT use an automated citation manager to perform this function. Do it manually for this assignment and check your formatting against available APA resources.

o  a. Excluding the cover page, the Abstract and references page, this paper must be at least 3 pages of written text.

o  b. Only COMPLETE paragraphs consisting of an introductory sentence, a full explanation of key points supported with properly cited sources, and a concluding sentence may be used.

o  c. Only use published articles from academic texts, such as those found at scholar.google.com not Wikipedia.

o  d. The entire paper must be your original work. It may not include quotes and at no time should text be copied and pasted.

This paper DOES require an introductory paragraph, explicit thesis statement, concluding paragraph, and references page.